Verse 2
The Lord also had a charge (Heb. rib, cf. Hosea 2:2) to bring against Judah and promised to punish Jacob in harmony with his sins. "Jacob" may represent the Northern Kingdom here in contrast to Judah, the Southern Kingdom, or "Jacob" may represent both kingdoms since both descended from him (cf. Hosea 10:11).
"Israel is not a ’chip off the old block’ but a nation unlike its eponymous ancestor, in that it refuses to acknowledge Yahweh as its sole God." [Note: Stuart, p. 190.]
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