Verse 8
Also in that day life-giving water would flow rapidly out of Jerusalem, half of it flowing east into the Dead Sea and half west into the Mediterranean Sea. "Living water" is a metaphor that pictures water as a living thing flowing quickly and sparkling in its constant movement and shifting course (cf. Leviticus 14:5-6; Leviticus 14:50-52; Leviticus 15:13; Numbers 19:17). This water would flow all year round, even in the summer when most streams in Palestine dry up (cf. Psalms 46:4; Joel 3:18). The Israelites divided their year into two seasons instead of four: summer and winter (cf. Genesis 8:22; Psalms 74:17; Isaiah 18:6). [Note: R. de Vaux, Ancient Israel: Its Life and Institutions, pp. 189-90.] Probably the water will be literal, but it certainly has symbolic significance as well (cf. Psalms 46:4; Psalms 65:9; Isaiah 8:6; Jeremiah 2:13; Ezekiel 47:1-12; John 4:10-14; John 7:38; Revelation 22:1-2).
"There is no reason to take this [whole description] in any but a literal way, unless one is prepared to deny a literal coming of YHWH as well." [Note: Merrill, pp. 343-44.]
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