Revelation 1:9 - Exposition

In the tribulation and kingdom and patience. The order of the words is surprising; we should have expected "kingdom" to have come first or last. But "and patience" seems to be added epexegetically, to show how the tribulation leads to the kingdom (comp. Revelation 2:2 , Revelation 2:3 , Revelation 2:19 ; Revelation 3:10 ; Revelation 13:10 ; Revelation 14:12 ). "In your patience ye shall win your souls" ( Luke 21:19 ). "Tribulation worketh patience" ( Romans 5:3 ); and "through many tribulations, we must enter into the kingdom of God" ( Acts 14:22 ). Bengel notes that it is in tribulation that believers specially love this book. The Church of Asia, particularly after the prosperous time of Constantine, had a low opinion of the Apocalypse; while the African Church, which was more subject to persecution, highly esteemed it. "Everything tends to show that the Apocalypse was acknowledged in Africa from the earliest times as canonical Scripture". Was in the isle . Here and in Revelation 1:10 "was" is literally "came to be" ( ἐγενόμην ) , implying that such was not his ordinary condition; comp. γενόμενος ἐν ρώμη ( 2 Timothy 1:17 ). That is called Patmos . St. John does not assume that his readers know so insignificant a place. He does not say simply "in Patmos," as St. Luke says "to Rhodes" or "to Cyprus," but "in the isle that is called Patmos." Now Patmo or Patino, but in the Middle Ages Palmosa. Its small size and rugged character made it a suitable place for penal transportation. Banishment to a small island ( deportatio in insulam or insulae vinculum ) was common. "Aude aliquid brevibus Gyaris et carcere dignum" (Juv., Luke 1:73 ). Compare the cases of Agrippa Postumus (Tac., 'Ann.,' 1.3) and of Julia (4.71). For a full account of the island, see Gudrin's 'Description de File de Patmos,' Paris: 1856. For the circumstances of St. John's banishment, see Introduction. It was in exile that Jacob saw God at Bethel; in exile that Moses saw God at the burning bush; in exile that Elijah heard the "still small voice;" in exile that Ezekiel saw "the likeness of the glory of the Lord" by the river Chebar; in exile that Daniel saw "the Ancient of days." For the Word of God, and the testimony of Jesus . No doubt the Greek ( διὰ τὸν λόγον ) might mean that he was in Patmos for the sake of receiving the word; but Revelation 6:9 and Revelation 20:4 are decisive against this (comp. διὰ τὸ ὄνομά μου in John 16:21 ). These passages and "partaker in the tribulation" here prove that St. John's "coming to be in Patmos" was caused by suffering for the Word of God. The testimony of Jesus. This, as in verse 2, probably means the testimony that he bore, rather than the testimony about him. "Christ" is a corrupt addition to the text in both places in this verse.